Home  ›  what happens to a cell when it is infected with wolbachia

what happens to a cell when it is infected with wolbachia

Written By domingo, 10 de abril de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Genus of bacteria in the Alphaproteobacteria class

Wolbachia
Wolbachia.png
Transmission electron micrograph of Wolbachia within an insect cell
Credit:Public Library of Scientific discipline / Scott O'Neill
Scientific classification e
Domain: Leaner
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Rickettsiales
Family: Ehrlichiaceae
Genus: Wolbachia
Hertig 1936 (Approved Lists 1980)
Species
  • "Candidatus Wolbachia bourtzisii" Ramirez-Puebla et al. 2015
  • "Candidatus Wolbachia brugii" Ramirez-Puebla et al. 2015
  • "Candidatus Wolbachia collembolicola" Ramirez-Puebla et al. 2015
  • "Candidatus Wolbachia ivorensis" Ehounoud et al. 2016
  • Wolbachia melophagi (Nöller 1917) Philip 1956 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • "Candidatus Wolbachia multihospitum" Ramirez-Puebla et al. 2015
  • "Candidatus Wolbachia onchocercicola" Ramirez-Puebla et al. 2015
  • Wolbachia pipientis Hertig 1936 (Approved Lists 1980)

Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that infects mainly arthropod species, including a high proportion of insects, and also some nematodes.[1] [ii] It is one of the nearly mutual parasitic microbes and is possibly the nearly mutual reproductive parasite in the biosphere. Its interactions with its hosts are often complex, and in some cases have evolved to be mutualistic rather than parasitic. Some host species cannot reproduce, or fifty-fifty survive, without Wolbachia colonisation. Ane report concluded that more than than 16% of neotropical insect species acquit bacteria of this genus,[iii] and as many as 25 to 70% of all insect species are estimated to be potential hosts.[4]

History [edit]

The genus was first identified in 1924 by Marshall Hertig and Simeon Burt Wolbach in the mutual firm mosquito. They described it as "a somewhat pleomorphic, rodlike, Gram-negative, intracellular organism [that] apparently infects merely the ovaries and testes".[5] Hertig formally described the species in 1936, and proposed both the generic and specific names: Wolbachia pipientis.[6] Inquiry on Wolbachia intensified later on 1971, when Janice Yen and A. Ralph Barr of UCLA discovered that Culex mosquito eggs were killed by a cytoplasmic incompatibility when the sperm of Wolbachia-infected males fertilized infection-free eggs.[7] [viii] The genus Wolbachia is of considerable interest today due to its ubiquitous distribution, its many dissimilar evolutionary interactions, and its potential use as a biocontrol agent.

Phylogenetic studies take shown that Wolbachia persica (now Francisella persica) was closely related to species in the genus Francisella [9] [x] [11] [12] and that Wolbachia melophagi (now Bartonella melophagi) was closely related to species in the genus Bartonella,[13] [14] [xv] leading to a transfer of these species to these respective genera. Furthermore, unlike Wolbachia, which demand a host prison cell to multiply, F. persica and B. melophagi tin be cultured on agar plates.[16] [xv]

Method of sexual differentiation in hosts [edit]

These bacteria can infect many unlike types of organs, but are nearly notable for the infections of the testes and ovaries of their hosts. Wolbachia species are ubiquitous in mature eggs, just not mature sperm. But infected females, therefore, pass the infection on to their offspring. Wolbachia leaner maximize their spread by significantly altering the reproductive capabilities of their hosts, with four different phenotypes:

  • Male killing occurs when infected males die during larval evolution, which increases the rate of born, infected females.[17]
  • Feminization results in infected males that develop as females or infertile pseudofemales. This is especially prevalent in Lepidoptera species such equally the adzuki edible bean tapping (Ostrinia scapulalis).[18]
  • Parthenogenesis is reproduction of infected females without males. Some scientists have suggested that parthenogenesis may always be attributable to the effects of Wolbachia.[nineteen] An instance of parthenogenesis induced by presence of Wolbachia are some species inside the Trichogramma parasitoid wasp genus,[20] which have evolved to procreate without males due to the presence of Wolbachia. Males are rare in this genus of wasp, mayhap because many accept been killed by that aforementioned strain of Wolbachia.[21]
  • Cytoplasmic incompatibility is the inability of Wolbachia-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females or females infected with another Wolbachia strain. This reduces the reproductive success of those uninfected females and therefore promotes the infecting strain. In the cytoplasmic incompatibility mechanism, Wolbachia interferes with the parental chromosomes during the first mitotic divisions to the extent that they can no longer split up in synchrony.[22]

Effects of sexual differentiation in hosts [edit]

Several host species, such equally those within the genus Trichogramma, are so dependent on sexual differentiation of Wolbachia that they are unable to reproduce effectively without the leaner in their bodies, and some might fifty-fifty exist unable to survive uninfected.[23]

One study on infected woodlice showed the broods of infected organisms had a higher proportion of females than their uninfected counterparts.[24]

Wolbachia, especially Wolbachia-acquired cytoplasmic incompatibility, may be important in promoting speciation.[25] [26] [27] Wolbachia strains that misconstrue the sex ratio may change their host'south pattern of sexual selection in nature,[28] [29] and as well engender stiff selection to forestall their action, leading to some of the fastest examples of natural option in natural populations.[30]

The male killing and feminization effects of Wolbachia infections can also lead to speciation in their hosts. For example, populations of the pill woodlouse, Armadillidium vulgare which are exposed to the feminizing effects of Wolbachia, have been known to lose their female-determining chromosome.[31] In these cases, only the presence of Wolbachia tin cause an individual to develop into a female person.[31] Cryptic species of ground wētā (Hemiandrus maculifrons circuitous) are host to different lineages of Wolbachia which might explain their speciation without ecological or geographical separation.[32] [33]

Fettle advantages by Wolbachia infections [edit]

Wolbachia infection has been linked to viral resistance in Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans, and mosquito species. Flies, including mosquitoes,[34] infected with the leaner are more than resistant to RNA viruses such as Drosophila C virus, norovirus, flock business firm virus, cricket paralysis virus, chikungunya virus, and West Nile virus.[35] [36] [37]

In the mutual house mosquito, college levels of Wolbachia were correlated with more insecticide resistance.[38]

In leafminers of the species Phyllonorycter blancardella, Wolbachia bacteria assist their hosts produce green islands on yellowing tree leaves, that is, pocket-size areas of leaf remaining fresh, allowing the hosts to continue feeding while growing to their adult forms. Larvae treated with tetracycline, which kills Wolbachia, lose this ability and subsequently only 13% emerge successfully every bit developed moths.[39]

Muscidifurax uniraptor, a parasitoid wasp, also benefits from hosting Wolbachia bacteria.[40]

In the parasitic filarial nematode species responsible for elephantiasis, such as Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, Wolbachia has go an obligate endosymbiont and provides the host with chemicals necessary for its reproduction and survival.[41] Elimination of the Wolbachia symbionts through antibiotic treatment therefore prevents reproduction of the nematode, and somewhen results in its premature expiry.

Some Wolbachia species that infect arthropods also provide some metabolic provisioning to their hosts. In Drosophila melanogaster, Wolbachia is found to mediate iron metabolism nether nutritional stress[42] and in Cimex lectularius, the Wolbachia strain cCle helps the host to synthesize B vitamins.[43]

Some Wolbachia strains have increased their prevalence by increasing their hosts' fecundity. Wolbachia strains captured from 1988 in southern California nonetheless induce a fecundity arrears, merely present the fecundity deficit is replaced with a fecundity advantage such that infected Drosophila simulans produces more offspring than the uninfected ones.[44]

Life-history consequences of Wolbachia infection [edit]

Wolbachia ofttimes manipulates host reproduction and life-history in a way that favours its ain propagation. In the Pharaoh pismire, Wolbachia infection correlates with increased colony-level production of reproductives (i.e., greater reproductive investment), and earlier onset of reproductive production (i.e., shorter life-wheel). Infected colonies likewise seem to grow more rapidly.[45] There is substantial bear witness that the presence of Wolbachia that induce parthenogenesis accept put pressure level on species to reproduce primarily or entirely this way.[46]

Additionally, Wolbachia has been seen to subtract the lifespan of Aedes aegypti, carriers of musquito-borne diseases, and it decreases their efficacy of pathogen transmission because older mosquitoes are more likely to take become carriers of one of those diseases.[47] This has been exploited equally a method for pest control.

Genomics [edit]

The kickoff Wolbachia genome to exist adamant was that of one that infects D. melanogaster fruit flies.[48] This genome was sequenced at The Institute for Genomic Enquiry in a collaboration between Jonathan Eisen and Scott O'Neill. The second Wolbachia genome to be adamant was one that infects Brugia malayi nematodes.[49] Genome sequencing projects for several other Wolbachia strains are in progress. A nearly consummate copy of the Wolbachia genome sequence was constitute inside the genome sequence of the fruit fly Drosophila ananassae and large segments were plant in seven other Drosophila species.[50]

In an application of DNA barcoding to the identification of species of Protocalliphora flies, several distinct morphospecies had identical cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequences, well-nigh likely through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) by Wolbachia species as they jump across host species.[51] As a result, Wolbachia can cause misleading results in molecular cladistical analyses.[52] It is estimated that betwixt 20 and l percent of insect species accept evidence of HGT from Wolbachia—passing from microbes to animal (i.e. insects).[53]

Horizontal factor transfer [edit]

Wolbachia species also harbor a bacteriophage called bacteriophage WO or phage WO.[54] Comparative sequence analyses of bacteriophage WO offer some of the most compelling examples of large-scale horizontal gene transfer between Wolbachia coinfections in the same host.[55] It is the outset bacteriophage implicated in frequent lateral transfer between the genomes of bacterial endosymbionts. Factor transfer by bacteriophages could drive significant evolutionary change in the genomes of intracellular bacteria that were previously considered highly stable or prone to loss of genes over fourth dimension.[55]

Minor RNA [edit]

The small not-coding RNAs WsnRNA-46 and WsnRNA-59 in Wolbachia were detected in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Drosophila melanogaster. The pocket-size RNAs (sRNAs) may regulate bacterial and host genes.[56] Highly conserved intragenic region sRNA chosen ncrwmel02 was as well identified in Wolbachia pipientis. Information technology is expressed in iv unlike strains in a regulated design that differs according to the sex of the host and the tissue localisation. This suggested that the sRNA may play important roles in the biological science of Wolbachia. [57]

[edit]

Disease vector [edit]

Outside of insects, Wolbachia infects a diverseness of isopod species, spiders, mites, and many species of filarial nematodes (a type of parasitic worm), including those causing onchocerciasis (river incomprehension) and elephantiasis in humans, equally well every bit heartworms in dogs. Not merely are these disease-causing filarial worms infected with Wolbachia, only Wolbachia likewise seems to play an inordinate role in these diseases.

A large office of the pathogenicity of filarial nematodes is due to host allowed response toward their Wolbachia. Elimination of Wolbachia from filarial nematodes generally results in either decease or sterility of the nematode.[58] Consequently, current strategies for control of filarial nematode diseases include emptying of their symbiotic Wolbachia via the simple doxycycline antibiotic, rather than directly killing the nematode with often more toxic antinematode medications.[59]

Disease prevention [edit]

Indonesian research government minister Mohamad Nasir during a visit to a Wolbachia musquito lab of the Eliminate Dengue Project.

Naturally existing strains of Wolbachia have been shown to be a route for vector control strategies because of their presence in arthropod populations, such as mosquitoes.[sixty] [61] Due to the unique traits of Wolbachia that cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, some strains are useful to humans as a promoter of genetic bulldoze within an insect population. Wolbachia-infected females are able to produce offspring with uninfected and infected males; however, uninfected females are only able to produce viable offspring with uninfected males. This gives infected females a reproductive advantage that is greater the higher the frequency of Wolbachia in the population. Computational models predict that introducing Wolbachia strains into natural populations volition reduce pathogen transmission and reduce overall affliction burden.[62] An example includes a life-shortening Wolbachia that can be used to command dengue virus and malaria by eliminating the older insects that comprise more parasites. Promoting the survival and reproduction of younger insects lessens pick pressure level for evolution of resistance.[63] [64]

In add-on, some Wolbachia strains are able to direct reduce viral replication inside the insect. For dengue they include wAllbB and wMelPop with Aedes aegypti, wMel with Aedes albopictus.[65] and Aedes aegypti.[66] A trial in an Australian urban center with 187,000 inhabitants plagued by dengue had no cases in four years, post-obit introduction of mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia. Before trials in much smaller areas had been carried out, simply the upshot in a larger area had not been tested. There did not appear to be whatever environmental sick-furnishings. The cost was A$15 per inhabitant, but information technology was hoped that it could exist reduced to US$one in poorer countries.[67] The "strongest evidence yet" to back up the Wolbachia technique was constitute in its first randomized controlled trial, conducted between 2016 and 2020 in Yogyakarta, an Indonesian city of about 400,000 inhabitants. In August 2020, the trial's Indonesian lead scientist Adi Utarini announced that the trial showed a 77% reduction in dengue cases compared to the control areas.[68] [69]

Wolbachia has also been identified to inhibit replication of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in A. aegypti. The Wmel strain of Wolbachia pipientis significantly reduced infection and dissemination rates of CHIKV in mosquitoes, compared to Wolbachia uninfected controls and the aforementioned miracle was observed in yellowish fever virus infection converting this bacterium in an first-class hope for YFV and CHIKV suppression.[70]

Wolbachia too inhibits the secretion of West Nile virus (WNV) in cell line Aag2 derived from A. aegypti cells. The mechanism is somewhat novel, as the bacteria actually enhances the production of viral genomic RNA in the cell line Wolbachia. Also, the antiviral issue in intrathoracically infected mosquitoes depends on the strain of Wolbachia, and the replication of the virus in orally fed mosquitoes was completely inhibited in wMelPop strain of Wolbachia.[71]

The effect of Wolbachia infection on virus replication in insect hosts is complex and depends on the Wolbachia strain and virus species.[72] While several studies take indicated consistent refractory phenotypes of Wolbachia infection on positive-sense RNA viruses in Drosophila melanogaster,[73] [74] the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti [75] and the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus.[76] [77] This upshot is not seen in DNA virus infection[74] and in some cases Wolbachia infection has been associated or shown to increment single stranded DNA[78] and double-stranded Dna virus infection.[79] There is as well currently no evidence that Wolbachia infection restricts any tested negative-sense RNA viruses[80] [81] [82] indicating Wolbachia would be unsuitable for restriction of negative-sense RNA arthropod borne viruses.

Wolbachia infection tin can also increase mosquito resistance to malaria, as shown in Anopheles stephensi where the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia hindered the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum.[83]

Withal, Wolbachia infections can enhance pathogen manual. Wolbachia has enhanced multiple arboviruses in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes.[84] In another study, West Nile Virus (WNV) infection rate was significantly higher in Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes compared to controls.[85]

Wolbachia may induce reactive oxygen species–dependent activation of the Toll (cistron family) pathway, which is essential for activation of antimicrobial peptides, defensins, and cecropins that aid to inhibit virus proliferation.[86] Conversely, certain strains actually dampen the pathway, leading to higher replication of viruses. Ane example is with strain wAlbB in Culex tarsalis, where infected mosquitoes actually carried the west nile virus (WNV) more frequently. This is because wAlbB inhibits REL1, an activator of the antiviral Price immune pathway. As a event, conscientious studies of the Wolbachia strain and ecological consequences must be washed before releasing artificially-infected mosquitoes in the surround.[87]

Deployments [edit]

In 2016 it was proposed to gainsay the spread of the Zika virus by convenance and releasing mosquitoes that have intentionally been infected with an appropriate strain of Wolbachia.[88] A contemporary study has shown that Wolbachia has the ability to cake the spread of Zika virus in mosquitoes in Brazil.[89]

In October 2016, it was announced that Usa$18 meg in funding was being allocated for the utilise of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes to fight Zika and dengue viruses. Deployment is slated for early 2017 in Colombia and Brazil.[90]

In July 2017, Verily, the life sciences arm of Google's parent visitor Alphabet Inc., announced a programme to release about twenty 1000000 Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Fresno, California, in an attempt to combat the Zika virus.[91] [92] Singapore'south National Environment Bureau has teamed upward with Verily to come up with an advanced, more efficient style to release male Wolbachia mosquitoes for Stage ii of its study to suppress the urban Aedes aegypti mosquito population and fight dengue.[93]

On November iii, 2017, the US Ecology Protection Agency (EPA) registered Mosquito Mate, Inc. to release Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in 20 U.s.a. states and the District of Columbia.[94]

Event on the sex-differentiation enzyme aromatase [edit]

The enzyme aromatase is found to mediate sex-change in many species of fish. Wolbachia tin can bear on the activity of aromatase in developing fish embryos.[95]

See also [edit]

  • Intragenomic conflict
  • Quorum sensing

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Genome Sequence of the Intracellular Bacterium Wolbachia". PLOS Biology. 2 (3): e76. March 2004. doi:ten.1371/journal.pbio.0020076. PMC368170.
  2. ^ Taylor, M.J. (2018). "Microbe Profile: Wolbachia: a sex selector, a viral protector and a target to treat filarial nematodes" (PDF). Microbiology. 164 (11): 1345–1347. doi:x.1099/mic.0.000724. PMC7008210. PMID 30311871.
  3. ^ Werren, J.H.; Guo, L; Windsor, D. W. (1995). "Distribution of Wolbachia among neotropical arthropods". Proceedings of the Royal Club B. 262 (1364): 197–204. Bibcode:1995RSPSB.262..197W. doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0196. S2CID 86540721.
  4. ^ Kozek, Wieslaw J.; Rao, Ramakrishna U. (2007). The Discovery of Wolbachia in Arthropods and Nematodes – A Historical Perspective. Issues in Infectious Diseases. Vol. 5. pp. one–14. doi:ten.1159/000104228. ISBN978-3-8055-8180-6.
  5. ^ Hertig, Marshall; Wolbach, S. Burt (1924). "Studies on Rickettsia-Similar Micro-Organisms in Insects". Journal of Medical Research. 44 (three): 329–74. PMC2041761. PMID 19972605.
  6. ^ Hertig, Marshall (October 1936). "The Rickettsia, Wolbachia pipientis (gen. et sp. northward.)". Parasitology. 28 (four): 453–486. doi:10.1017/S0031182000022666.
  7. ^ Yen JH; Barr AR (1971). "New hypothesis of the cause of cytoplasmic incompatibility in Culex pipiens". Nature. 232 (5313): 657–8. Bibcode:1971Natur.232..657Y. doi:10.1038/232657a0. PMID 4937405. S2CID 4146003.
  8. ^ Bourtzis, Kostas; Miller, Thomas A., eds. (2003). "fourteen: Insect pest command using Wolbachia and/or radiations". Insect Symbiosis. p. 230. ISBN9780849341946.
  9. ^ Forsman One thousand, Sandström G, Sjöstedt A (January 1994). "Analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of Francisella strains and utilization for determination of the phylogeny of the genus and for identification of strains by PCR". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44 (1): 38–46. doi:x.1099/00207713-44-ane-38. PMID 8123561.
  10. ^ Noda H, Munderloh UG, Kurtti TJ (October 1997). "Endosymbionts of ticks and their relationship to Wolbachia spp. and tick-borne pathogens of humans and animals". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (ten): 3926–32. Bibcode:1997ApEnM..63.3926N. doi:ten.1128/AEM.63.10.3926-3932.1997. PMC168704. PMID 9327557.
  11. ^ Niebylski ML, Peacock MG, Fischer ER, Porcella SF, Schwan TG (Oct 1997). "Characterization of an endosymbiont infecting wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni, equally a member of the genus Francisella". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (ten): 3933–40. Bibcode:1997ApEnM..63.3933N. doi:10.1128/AEM.63.x.3933-3940.1997. PMC168705. PMID 9327558.
  12. ^ Larson MA, Nalbantoglu U, Sayood K, Zentz EB, Zing Cer R, Iwen PC, Francesconi SC, Bishop-Lilly KA, Mokashi VP, Sjöstedt A, Hinrichs SH (2016). "Reclassification of Wolbachia persica every bit Francisella persica rummage. nov. and emended clarification of the family Francisellaceae". International Periodical of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (3): 1200–1205. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000855. PMID 26747442.
  13. ^ Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, et al. (Nov 2001). "Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' every bit subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51 (Pt 6): 2145–65. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-6-2145. PMID 11760958.
  14. ^ Lo N, Paraskevopoulos C, Bourtzis K, et al. (March 2007). "Taxonomic status of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57 (Pt iii): 654–seven. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64515-0. PMID 17329802.
  15. ^ a b Maggi RG, Kosoy M, Mintzer M, Breitschwerdt EB (2009). "Isolation of Candidatus Bartonella melophagi from Homo Blood". Emerging Infectious Diseases. xv (1): 66–68. doi:10.3201/eid1501.081080. PMC2660712. PMID 19116054.
  16. ^ Öhrman C, Sahl JW, Sjödin A, Uneklint I, Ballard R, Karlsson L, McDonough RF, Sundell D, Soria Grand, Bäckman South, Chase Chiliad, Brindefalk B, Sozhamannan S, Vallesi A, Hägglund East, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Thelaus J, Colquhoun D, Myrtennäs Thousand, Birdsell D, Johansson A, Wagner DM, Forsman M (2021). "Reorganized Genomic Taxonomy of Francisellaceae Enables Blueprint of Robust Environmental PCR Assays for Detection of Francisella tularensis". Microorganisms. ix (commodity #146) (1): 146. doi:ten.3390/microorganisms9010146. PMC7826819. PMID 33440900.
  17. ^ Hurst Thousand., Jiggins F. Grand., Graf von Der Schulenburg J. H., Bertrand D., et al. (1999). "Male killing Wolbachia in two species of insects". Proceedings of the Majestic Society B. 266 (1420): 735–740. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0698. PMC1689827.
  18. ^ Fujii, Y.; Kageyama, D.; Hoshizaki, S.; Ishikawa, H.; Sasaki, T. (2001-04-22). "Transfection of Wolbachia in Lepidoptera: the feminizer of the adzuki bean borer Ostrinia scapulalis causes male killing in the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1469): 855–859. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1593. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC1088680. PMID 11345332.
  19. ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Funke, Berdell R.; Case, Cristine L. (2007). Microbiology: an introduction . Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ISBN978-0-8053-4790-vi.
  20. ^ Knight J (5 July 2001). "Meet the Herod Bug". Nature. 412 (6842): 12–14. Bibcode:2001Natur.412...12K. doi:10.1038/35083744. PMID 11452274. S2CID 205018882.
  21. ^ Murray, Todd. "Garden Friends & Foes: Trichogramma Wasps". Weeder's Digest. Washington State Academy Whatcom County Extension. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved sixteen July 2009.
  22. ^ Breeuwer, JAJ; Werren, JH (1990). "Microorganisms associated with chromosome destruction and reproductive isolation between ii insect species" (PDF). Nature. 346 (6284): 558–560. Bibcode:1990Natur.346..558B. doi:10.1038/346558a0. PMID 2377229. S2CID 4255393.
  23. ^ Werren, John H. (February 2003). "Invasion of the Gender Benders: by manipulating sex and reproduction in their hosts, many parasites improve their own odds of survival and may shape the evolution of sex itself". Natural History. 112 (1): 58. ISSN 0028-0712. OCLC 1759475.
  24. ^ Rigaud, Thierry; Moreau, Jérôme; Juchault, Pierre (October 1999). "Wolbachia infection in the terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus: sex ratio distortion and result on fecundity". Heredity. 83 (iv): 469–475. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6885990. PMID 10583549. All the same, the broods also often consisted of fewer eggs than the broods of the uninfected Oniscus asellus.
  25. ^ Bordenstein, Seth R.; Patrick, O'Hara; Werren, John H. (2001). "Wolbachia-induced incompatibility precedes other hybrid incompatibilities in Nasonia". Nature. 409 (6821): 675–7. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..707B. doi:ten.1038/35055543. PMID 11217858. S2CID 1867358.
  26. ^ Zimmer, Carl (2001). "Wolbachia: A Tale of Sexual practice and Survival". Science. 292 (5519): 1093–five. doi:x.1126/scientific discipline.292.5519.1093. PMID 11352061. S2CID 37441675.
  27. ^ Telschow, Arndt; Flor, Matthias; Kobayashi, Yutaka; Hammerstein, Peter; Werren, John H. (2007). Rees, Mark (ed.). "Wolbachia-Induced Unidirectional Cytoplasmic Incompatibility and Speciation: Mainland-Island Model". PLOS Ane. 2 (1): e701. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...two..701T. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0000701. PMC1934337. PMID 17684548.
  28. ^ Charlat S., Reuter Thousand., Dyson E.A., Hornett E.A., Duplouy A.M.R., Davies N., Roderick Chiliad., Wedell N., Hurst M.D.D. (2006). "Male person-killing bacteria trigger a cycle of increasing male person fatigue and female person promiscuity". Current Biology. 17 (three): 273–seven. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.068. PMID 17276921. S2CID 18564109.
  29. ^ JIGGINS F. M.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Majerus, G. E. N. (2000). "Sexual practice ratio distorting Wolbachia cause sex function reversal in their butterfly hosts". Proceedings of the Purple Club B. 267 (1438): 69–73. doi:x.1098/rspb.2000.0968. PMC1690502. PMID 10670955.
  30. ^ Charlat, S.; Hornett, E. A.; Fullard, J. H.; Davies, N.; Roderick, Yard. Thousand.; Wedell, N.; Hurst, G. D. D. (2007). "Extraordinary Flux in Sex Ratio". Science. 317 (5835): 214. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..214C. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1143369. PMID 17626876. S2CID 45723069.
  31. ^ a b Charlat, Sylvain (April 2003). "Evolutionary consequences of Wolbachia infections" (PDF). Trends in Genetics. 19 (4): 217–23. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(03)00024-six. PMID 12683975. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  32. ^ Trewick, Steven A.; Wheeler, David; Morgan-Richards, Mary; Bridgeman, Benjamin (2018-04-25). "First detection of Wolbachia in the New Zealand biota". PLOS One. thirteen (4): e0195517. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1395517B. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0195517. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC5918756. PMID 29694414.
  33. ^ Taylor-Smith, B. L.; Trewick, Southward. A.; Morgan-Richards, G. (2016-x-01). "Iii new ground wētā species and a redescription of Hemiandrus maculifrons". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 43 (4): 363–383. doi:ten.1080/03014223.2016.1205109. ISSN 0301-4223. S2CID 88565199.
  34. ^ Johnson, Karyn N. (7 Nov 2015). "The Impact of Wolbachia on Virus Infection in Mosquitoes". Viruses. 7 (11): 5705–5717. doi:10.3390/v7112903. PMC4664976. PMID 26556361. In contrast [to natural infection], stable transinfection of Wolbachia into heterologous musquito hosts clearly produces antiviral effects against arboviruses including DENV [dengue virus], WNV [Due west Nile virus], YFV [yellow fever virus] and CHIKV [Chikungunya virus]....as adaption occurs these effects may decrease
  35. ^ Teixeira, Luis; Ferreira, Alvaro; Ashburner, Michael (2008). Keller, Laurent (ed.). "The Bacterial Symbiont Wolbachia Induces Resistance to RNA Viral Infections in Drosophila melanogaster". PLOS Biological science. six (12): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000002. PMC2605931. PMID 19222304.
  36. ^ Hedges, Lauren; Brownlie, Jeremy; O'Neill, Scott; Johnson, Karyn (2008). "Wolbachia and Virus Protection in Insects". Science. 322 (5902): 702. Bibcode:2008Sci...322..702H. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1162418. PMID 18974344. S2CID 206514799.
  37. ^ Glaser, Robert L.; Meola, Mark A. (2010). "The Native Wolbachia Endosymbionts of Drosophila melanogaster and Culex quinquefasciatus Increase Host Resistance to Westward Nile Virus Infection". PLOS 1. 5 (viii): e11977. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511977G. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.0011977. PMC2916829. PMID 20700535.
  38. ^ Berticat C, Rousset F, Raymond M, Berthomieu A, Weill M (July 2002). "High Wolbachia density in insecticide-resistant mosquitoes". Proc. Biol. Sci. 269 (1498): 1413–6. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2022. PMC1691032. PMID 12079666.
  39. ^ Kaiser W, Huguet E, Casas J, Commin C, Giron D (August 2010). "Found green-isle phenotype induced by leaf-miners is mediated by bacterial symbionts". Proc. Biol. Sci. 277 (1692): 2311–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0214. PMC2894905. PMID 20356892.
  40. ^ Zchori-Fein, Einat (2000). "Wolbachia Density and Host Fitness Components in Muscidifurax uniraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)" (PDF). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 75 (iv): 267–272. doi:10.1006/jipa.2000.4927. PMID 10843833. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  41. ^ Foster, Jeremy; Ganatra, Mehul; Kamal, Ibrahim; Ware, Jennifer; Makarova, Kira; Ivanova, Natalia; Bhattacharyya, Anamitra; Kapatral, Vinayak; et al. (2005). "The Wolbachia Genome of Brugia malayi: Endosymbiont Development inside a Human being Pathogenic Nematode". PLOS Biological science. iii (4): e121. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030121. PMC1069646. PMID 15780005.
  42. ^ Brownlie, J.C.; Cass, B. Northward.; Riegler, M. (2009). "Evidence for metabolic provisioning by a common invertebrate endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis, during periods of nutritional stress". PLOS Pathogens. v (4): e1000368. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000368. PMC2657209. PMID 19343208.
  43. ^ Nikoh, Northward.; Hosokawa, T.; Moriyama, 1000. (2014). "Evolutionary origin of insect- Wolbachia nutritional mutualism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United states of america of America. 111 (28): 10257–10262. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11110257N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1409284111. PMC4104916. PMID 24982177.
  44. ^ Weeks, A.R.; Turelli, M.; Harcombe, Westward.R. (2007). "From parasite to mutualist: rapid evolution of Wolbachia in natural populations of Drosophila". PLOS Biological science. 5 (5): e114. doi:x.1371/journal.pbio.0050114. PMC1852586. PMID 17439303.
  45. ^ Singh, R.; Linksvayer, T. (2020). "Wolbachia-infected pismire colonies accept increased reproductive investment and an accelerated life cycle". Journal of Experimental Biology. 223 (9): jeb.220079. doi:x.1242/jeb.220079. PMID 32253286. S2CID 215409488.
  46. ^ Gottlieb, Yuval; Zchori‐Fein, Einat (2001). "Irreversible thelytokous reproduction in Muscidifurax uniraptor". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 100 (3): 271–278. doi:ten.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00874.x. ISSN 1570-7458. S2CID 54687768.
  47. ^ Hoffmann, A. A.; Montgomery, B. 50.; Popovici, J.; Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I.; Johnson, P. H.; Muzzi, F.; Greenfield, Yard.; Durkan, M.; Leong, Y. S.; Dong, Y.; Melt, H. (August 2011). "Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission". Nature. 476 (7361): 454–457. Bibcode:2011Natur.476..454H. doi:x.1038/nature10356. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21866160. S2CID 4316652.
  48. ^ Wu M, Sun LV, Vamathevan J, et al. (2004). "Phylogenomics of the Reproductive Parasite Wolbachia pipientis wMel: A Streamlined Genome Overrun past Mobile Genetic Elements". PLOS Biology. 2 (3): e69. doi:x.1371/journal.pbio.0020069. PMC368164. PMID 15024419.
  49. ^ Foster J, Ganatra Chiliad, Kamal I, et al. (2005). "The Wolbachia Genome of Brugia malayi: Endosymbiont Evolution within a Human Pathogenic Nematode". PLOS Biology. 3 (four): e121. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030121. PMC1069646. PMID 15780005.
  50. ^ Dunning Hotopp JC, Clark ME, Oliveira DC, Foster JM, Fischer P, Muñoz Torres MC, Giebel JD, Kumar N, Ishmael Due north, Wang Southward, Ingram J, Nene RV, Shepard J, Tomkins J, Richards S, Spiro DJ, Ghedin E, Slatko BE, Tettelin H, Werren JH (2007). "Widespread Lateral Gene Transfer from Intracellular Bacteria to Multicellular Eukaryotes". Scientific discipline. 317 (5845): 1753–6. Bibcode:2007Sci...317.1753H. CiteSeerX10.i.1.395.1320. doi:10.1126/science.1142490. PMID 17761848. S2CID 10787254.
  51. ^ Whitworth, TL; Dawson, RD; Magalon, H; Baudry, E (2007). "Deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae)". Proceedings of the Royal Club B. 274 (1619): 1731–9. doi:x.1098/rspb.2007.0062. PMC2493573. PMID 17472911.
  52. ^ Johnstone, RA; Hurst, GDD (1996). "Maternally inherited male-killing microorganisms may confound interpretation of mitochondrial DNA variability". Biological Journal of the Linnean Club. 58 (4): 453–470. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01446.x.
  53. ^ Ed, Yong (2016-08-09). I comprise multitudes : the microbes within us and a grander view of life (Outset U.S. ed.). New York, NY. p. 197. ISBN9780062368591. OCLC 925497449.
  54. ^ Masui S, Kamoda S, Sasaki T, Ishikawa H (2000). "Distribution and evolution of bacteriophage WO in Wolbachia, the endosymbiont causing sexual alterations in arthropods". J Mol Evol. 51 (5): 491–497. Bibcode:2000JMolE..51..491M. doi:10.1007/s002390010112. PMID 11080372. S2CID 13558219.
  55. ^ a b Kent, Bethany N.; Salichos, Leonidas; Gibbons, John G.; Rokas, Antonis; Newton, Irene L.; Clark, Michael E.; Bordenstein, Seth R. (2011). "Complete Bacteriophage Transfer in a Bacterial Endosymbiont (Wolbachia) Determined past Targeted Genome Capture". Genome Biological science and Development. 3: 209–218. doi:10.1093/gbe/evr007. PMC3068000. PMID 21292630.
  56. ^ Mayoral, Jaime G.; Hussain, Mazhar; Joubert, D. Albert; Iturbe-Ormaetxe, Iñaki; O'Neill, Scott 50.; Asgari, Sassan (2014-12-30). "Wolbachia small noncoding RNAs and their function in cross-kingdom communications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.s.a.. 111 (52): 18721–18726. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11118721M. doi:ten.1073/pnas.1420131112. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC4284532. PMID 25512495.
  57. ^ Woolfit, Megan; Algama, Manjula; Keith, Jonathan Chiliad.; McGraw, Elizabeth A.; Popovici, Jean (2015-01-01). "Discovery of putative small-scale non-coding RNAs from the obligate intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis". PLOS ONE. x (3): e0118595. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018595W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118595. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC4349823. PMID 25739023.
  58. ^ Hoerauf A, Mand S, Fischer Chiliad, et al. (2003). "Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production". Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 192 (4): 211–6. doi:10.1007/s00430-002-0174-6. PMID 12684759. S2CID 23349595.
  59. ^ Taylor, MJ; Makunde, WH; McGarry, HF; Turner, JD; Mand, South; Hoerauf, A (2005). "Macrofilaricidal activeness subsequently doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-bullheaded, randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 365 (9477): 2116–21. doi:x.1016/S0140-6736(05)66591-9. PMID 15964448. S2CID 21382828.
  60. ^ Xi, Z; Dean JL; Khoo C; Dobson SL. (2005). "Generation of a novel Wolbachia infection in Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) via embryonic microinjection". Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 35 (viii): 903–10. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.03.015. PMC1410910. PMID 15944085.
  61. ^ Moreira, LA; Iturbe-ormaetxe I; Jeffery JA; et al. (2009). "A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium". Cell. 139 (7): 1268–78. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.eleven.042. PMID 20064373. S2CID 2018937.
  62. ^ Hancock, PA; Sinkins SP; Godfray HC. (2011). "Strategies for introducing Wolbachia to reduce transmission of mosquito-borne diseases". PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. v (4): e1024. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001024. PMC3082501. PMID 21541357.
  63. ^ Mcmeniman, CJ; Lane RV; Cass BN; et al. (2009). "Stable introduction of a life-shortening Wolbachia infection into the mosquito Aedes aegypti". Science. 323 (5910): 141–four. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..141M. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.1165326. PMID 19119237. S2CID 12641881.
  64. ^ "'Bug' could gainsay dengue fever". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2 January 2009.
  65. ^ Blagrove, MS; Arias-goeta C; Failloux AB; Sinkins SP. (2012). "Wolbachia strain wMel induces cytoplasmic incompatibility and blocks dengue transmission in Aedes albopictus". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (i): 255–60. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109..255B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112021108. PMC3252941. PMID 22123944.
  66. ^ Hoffmann, AA; Iturbe-Ormaetxe I; Callahan AG; Phillips BL. (2014). "Stability of the wMel Wolbachia Infection following invasion into Aedes aegypti populations". PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 8 (nine): e3115. doi:x.1371/journal.pntd.0003115. PMC4161343. PMID 25211492.
  67. ^ Sarah Boseley (1 August 2018). "Dengue fever outbreak halted by release of special mosquitoes". The Guardian.
  68. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2020-08-27). "The musquito strategy that could eliminate dengue". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02492-1. PMID 32855552. S2CID 221359975.
  69. ^ "Nature's ten: ten people who helped shape scientific discipline in 2020". Retrieved 2020-12-19 .
  70. ^ van den Hurk, AF; Hall-Mendelin S; Pyke AT; Frentiu FD. (2012). "Impact of Wolbachia on infection with chikungunya and yellow fever viruses in the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti". PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6 (11): e1892. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001892. PMC3486898. PMID 23133693.
  71. ^ Hussain, One thousand; Lu G; Torres Due south; Edmonds JH. (2013). "Effect of Wolbachia on replication of West Nile virus in a mosquito cell line and adult mosquitoes". J Virol. 87 (2): 851–858. doi:10.1128/JVI.01837-12. PMC3554047. PMID 23115298.
  72. ^ Johnson KN (2015). "The Impact of Wolbachia on Virus Infection in Mosquitoes". Viruses. 7 (11): 5705–17. doi:10.3390/v7112903. PMC4664976. PMID 26556361.
  73. ^ Hedges LM, Brownlie JC, O'Neill SL, Johnson KN (2008). "Wolbachia and virus protection in insects". Science. 322 (5902): 702. Bibcode:2008Sci...322..702H. doi:10.1126/science.1162418. PMID 18974344. S2CID 206514799. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ a b Teixeira L, Ferreira A, Ashburner Chiliad (2008). "The bacterial symbiont Wolbachia induces resistance to RNA viral infections in Drosophila melanogaster". PLOS Biol. half dozen (12): e2. doi:ten.1371/journal.pbio.1000002. PMC2605931. PMID 19222304. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ Moreira LA, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Jeffery JA, Lu G, Pyke AT, Hedges LM; et al. (2009). "A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium". Cell. 139 (7): 1268–78. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.042. PMID 20064373. S2CID 2018937. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  76. ^ Raquin Five, Valiente Moro C, Saucereau Y, Tran FH, Potier P, Mavingui P (2015). "Native Wolbachia from Aedes albopictus Blocks Chikungunya Virus Infection In Cellulo". PLOS 1. 10 (four): e0125066. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025066R. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.0125066. PMC4414612. PMID 25923352. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ Bishop C, Parry R, Asgari S (2020). "Effect of Wolbachia wAlbB on a positive-sense RNA negev-like virus: a novel virus persistently infecting Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and cells". J Gen Virol. 101 (2): 216–225. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001361. PMID 31846415. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ^ Parry R, Bishop C, De Hayr Fifty, Asgari S (2019). "Density-dependent enhanced replication of a densovirus in Wolbachia-infected Aedes cells is associated with production of piRNAs and higher virus-derived siRNAs". Virology. 528: 89–100. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.006. PMID 30583288. S2CID 58572380. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ Graham RI, Grzywacz D, Mushobozi WL, Wilson K (2012). "Wolbachia in a major African crop pest increases susceptibility to viral disease rather than protects". Ecology Letters. fifteen (9): 993–one thousand. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01820.10. PMID 22731846. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ Parry R, Asgari S (2018). "Aedes Anphevirus: an Insect-Specific Virus Distributed Worldwide in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes That Has Complex Interplays with Wolbachia and Dengue Virus Infection in Cells". J Virol. 92 (17). doi:ten.1128/JVI.00224-18. PMC6096813. PMID 29950416.
  81. ^ Schultz MJ, Tan AL, Gray CN, Isern South, Michael SF, Frydman HM; et al. (2018). "Wolbachia wStri Blocks Zika Virus Growth at Two Independent Stages of Viral Replication". mBio. 9 (3). doi:10.1128/mBio.00738-18. PMC5964347. PMID 29789369. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ Dodson BL, Andrews ES, Turell MJ, Rasgon JL (2017). "Wolbachia effects on Rift Valley fever virus infection in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes". PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 11 (10): e0006050. doi:10.1371/periodical.pntd.0006050. PMC5693443. PMID 29084217. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  83. ^ Bian, One thousand; Joshi D; Dong Y; et al. (2013). "Wolbachia invades Anopheles stephensi populations and induces refractoriness to Plasmodium infection". Science. 340 (6133): 748–51. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..748B. doi:10.1126/science.1236192. PMID 23661760. S2CID 206548292.
  84. ^ Rasgon, Jason Laurence (2017). "Wolbachia-induced enhancement of homo arboviral pathogens". Penn State . Retrieved five May 2020.
  85. ^ Dodson, Brittany 50.; Hughes, Grant 50.; Paul, Oluwatobi; Matacchiero, Amy C.; Kramer, Laura D.; Rasgon, Jason L. (2014). "Wolbachia Enhances W Nile Virus (WNV) Infection in the Mosquito Culex tarsalis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (vii): e2965. doi:10.1371/periodical.pntd.0002965. PMC4091933. PMID 25010200.
  86. ^ Pan, X; Zhou One thousand; Wu J; et al. (2012). "Wolbachia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the Cost pathway to command dengue virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti". Proc Natl Acad Sci U Due south A. 109 (1): E23–31. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E..23P. doi:x.1073/pnas.1116932108. PMC3252928. PMID 22123956.
  87. ^ Dodson, BL; Grant H; Oluwatobi P. (2014). "Wolbachia Enhances West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection in the Mosquito Culex tarsalis". PLOS Negl. Trop. Dis. eight (seven): e2965. doi:10.1371/periodical.pntd.0002965. PMC4091933. PMID 25010200.
  88. ^ Jason Gale (4 Feb 2016). "The All-time Weapon for Fighting Zika? More than Mosquitoes". Bloomberg.com.
  89. ^ Dutra, Heverton Leandro Carneiro; Rocha, Marcele Neves; Dias, Fernando Braga Stehling; Mansur, Simone Brutman; Caragata, Eric Pearce; Moreira, Luciano Andrade (2016). "Wolbachia Blocks Currently Circulating Zika Virus Isolates in Brazilian Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes". Cell Host & Microbe. 19 (half-dozen): 771–774. doi:x.1016/j.chom.2016.04.021. PMC4906366. PMID 27156023.
  90. ^ "Wolbachia efforts ramp up to fight Zika in Brazil, Colombia".
  91. ^ Buhr, Sarah. "Google's life sciences unit is releasing 20 one thousand thousand bacteria-infected mosquitoes in Fresno". TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  92. ^ Mullin, Emily. "Verily Robot Volition Raise xx One thousand thousand Sterile Mosquitoes for Release in California". MIT Technology Review. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  93. ^ "NEA, Alphabet Inc's Verily squad up to fight dengue with AI". Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2019-02-02 .
  94. ^ "EPA Registers the Wolbachia ZAP Strain in Live Male Asian Tiger Mosquitoes". 7 Nov 2017. Retrieved 8 Nov 2017.
  95. ^ "The incredible world of sex activity-changing fish #OurBluePlanet #BluePlanet2 | Our Bluish Planet". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01.

Further reading [edit]

  • Werren, J.H. (1997). "Biology of Wolbachia" (PDF). Almanac Review of Entomology. 42: 587–609. doi:x.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.587. PMID 15012323.
  • Klasson L, Westberg J, Sapountzis P, Näslund K, Lutnaes Y, Darby Ac, Veneti Z, Chen L, Braig HR, Garrett R, Bourtzis K, Andersson SG; Westberg; Sapountzis; Näslund; Lutnaes; Darby; Veneti; Chen; Braig; Garrett; Bourtzis; Andersson (23 March 2009). "The mosaic genome construction of the Wolbachia wRi strain infecting Drosophila simulans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.Southward.A. 106 (14): 5725–30. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5725K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810753106. PMC2659715. PMID 19307581. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links [edit]

  • Virtual Museum of Bacteria
  • Wolbachia research portal at the National Scientific discipline Foundation
  • "I Species' Genome Discovered Inside Another's—Bacterial to Animal Gene Transfers Now Shown to be Widespread, with Implications for Evolution and Control of Diseases and Pests". University of Rochester. 30 Baronial 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  • "Wolbachia" at the Encyclopedia of Life
  • The Wolbachia Project at Vanderbilt University
  • Images of Wolbachia

vazquezfriest.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbachia

0 Response to "what happens to a cell when it is infected with wolbachia"

Postar um comentário

Assinar: Postar comentários (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel